Neuroscience

1.The most prominent EEG wave pattern of an awake, relaxed adult whose eyes are closed is:

• A.Beta
• B.Delta
• C.Theta
• D.Alpha

11.EEGs can measure:

• A.Pain in your ankle
• B.Brain wave activity
• C.Heart attacks

20.When people are attentive to an external stimulus or are thinking about something, the alpha rhythm is replaced by:

• A.Beta
• B.Alpha
• C.Theta
• D.Delta

25.Scientists are able to study sleep through the recording of brain waves, accomplished by the use of:

• A.Positron emission tomography (PET)
• B.Electroencephalogram (EEG)
• C.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

2.Frequency of sleep spindles:

• A.4 to 7 Hz
• B.0.5 to 4 Hz
• C.10 to 14 Hz
• D.20 to 80 Hz

10.What is the role of melatonin in sleep cycles?

• A.It keeps the brain from becoming overactive during the REM stage of sleep
• B.It helps the brain transition into wakefulness
• C.It triggers the onset of sleep

13.An individual who has difficulty falling asleep and then staying asleep (wakes up at least once during the night) may be suffering from:

• A.Insomnia
• B.Narcolepsy
• C.Sleep apnea

14.If an individual uncontrollably falls asleep during the day, even while in the middle of a task, s/he may be suffering from:

• A.Sleep apnea
• B.Narcolepsy
• C.Insomnia

15.This stage of sleep is characterized by the presence of delta waves:

• A.REM sleep
• B.Stage 2 sleep
• C.Slow wave sleep (Stage 3/4)

16.The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the:

• A.None
• B.Pyramids
• C.Reticular formation

19.What is the name of Stage 3 and 4 sleep?

• A.Dreaming / Fast Sleep
• B.Deep Sleep / Slow Wave Sleep

21.The reticular activating system (RAS) is comprised of specific pathways primarily in the limbic system:

• A.True
• B.False
• C.No specific

23.During what period of sleep do we dream?

• A.REM sleep
• B.NREM sleep
• C.Stage IV sleep

26.The consolidation of memories occurs during slow wave sleep within which region of the brain?

• A.Amygdala
• B.Hippocampal circuits
• C.Pons and medulla

29.Which of the following is true regarding sleep and wakefulness?

• A.All of the answers are true
• B.Only glutamate level regulates states of sleep and wakefulness
• C.None of the answers are true
• D.Only melatonin level regulates states of sleep and wakefulness
• E.No single neurotransmitter or brain region regulates states of sleep and wakefulness

30.Which of the following is not a major wakefulness-promoting neurotransmitter?

• A.Serotonin
• B.Dopamine
• C.Glutamate
• D.Glycine

104.NREM sleep-promoting neurotransmitters include:

• A.GABA and the neuromodulator adenosine
• B.Histamine and norepinephrine
• C.Dopamine and serotonin
• D.GABA and serotonin

4.If people have damage in Broca's area of the brain, what symptom will they have?

• A.Motor Aphasia
• B.None
• C.Sensory Aphasia

5.If people have damage in Wernicke's area of the brain, what symptom will they have?

• A.Sensory Aphasia
• B.None
• C.Motor Aphasia

7.Which type of connection do association fibers provide?

• A.Fiber tract that provides communication between different parts of the same cerebral hemisphere
• B.Projection in primary areas
• C.Between right and left hemisphere

8.Which one of the following functions of the thalamus is FALSE?

• A.Storage of long-term memories
• B.Regulates arousal and awareness
• C.Relays sensory and motor signals

9.What function is the temporal lobe associated with?

• A.Auditory Recognition
• B.Broca's area
• C.Visual Recognition

12.Papez circuit includes all of the following EXCEPT:

• A.Hippocampus
• B.Cingulate gyrus
• C.Amygdala

22.Parkinson's disease is caused by the degeneration of neurons in an area of the brain called the:

• A.Cerebellum
• B.Substantia nigra
• C.Corpus callosum

28.Degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the substantia nigra is the disease:

• A.Epilepsy
• B.Dementia
• C.Parkinson's disease

48.The dorsal 'where' visual pathway passes through the __ and the ventral 'what' pathway passes through the __:

• A.Pretectum, lateral geniculate nucleus
• B.Parietal lobes, temporal lobes
• C.Hippocampus, amygdala
• D.Superior colliculus, optic radiations

49.The correct name for a blindspot is __; it is produced by a lesion to the __:

• A.Cortical blindness; primary visual cortex
• B.Blindsight; primary visual cortex
• C.Scotoma; primary visual cortex
• D.Scotoma; visual association area

50.Where is the visual association area?

• A.Covers most of the occipital lobe
• B.Auditory recognition
• C.Covering most of the temporal lobe

71.Basal ganglia or striatum include the following areas, EXCEPT:

• A.Putamen
• B.Globus pallidus
• C.Caudate nucleus
• D.Amygdala

3.What condition is caused by abnormal electrical discharges of brain neurons?

• A.Parkinson's
• B.Schizophrenia
• C.Epilepsy

17.A technique used to assess language dominance and memory function before ablative surgery for epilepsy:

• A.Intracarotid Amobarbital Procedure (Wada Test)
• B.Somatosensory evoked potential
• C.Visual evoked potential

18.Disruptions of cognition can result from either:

• A.None
• B.Cortical pathway disconnections
• C.Subcortical disconnections

31.A ventrolateral cordotomy is performed that produces relief of pain in the right leg. It is effective because it interrupts the:

• A.Left dorsal column
• B.Right ventrolateral spinothalamic tract
• C.Right medial lemniscal pathway
• D.A direct projection to the primary somatosensory cortex
• E.Left ventrolateral spinothalamic tract

35.Where in the brain is the primary somatosensory cortex located?

• A.Ventral posterior thalamus
• B.Precentral gyrus of the frontal cortex
• C.Superior gyrus of the temporal lobe
• D.Postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

51.Which of the following structures can be lesioned for the relief of pain?

• A.Medial thalamus
• B.Corpus callosum
• C.Fornix
• D.Somatosensory cortex

52.Decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus is called:

• A.Perception
• B.Adaptation
• C.Association
• D.Projection
• E.Sensation

32.You have misplaced your cell phone. Assuming the ringer is loud enough to hear, what would tell your brain that the phone is somewhere directly to your right?

• A.The bass notes are heard in your right ear but not in your left ear
• B.The pitch sounds slightly higher in your right ear
• C.You hear the ring in your right ear but not in your left ear
• D.The ringer sounds slightly louder in your right ear than in your left ear

33.What is the first brain structure to receive input from both ears and is important in locating the direction of sound?

• A.The superior olive
• B.The trapezoid body
• C.The primary auditory cortex
• D.The medial geniculate colliculi

34.Tiny bones called ______ transmit vibrations to the inner ear:

• A.Ventricles
• B.Middle canals
• C.Ossicles
• D.Tympana

36.Under resting conditions the cilia of the inner ear are connected by what structures?

• A.Stapes
• B.Ossicles
• C.Bipolar cells
• D.Tip links

37.The tip link, a complex of two braided glycoprotein filaments, is made from:

• A.MYO15A on the lower end and actin filaments on the upper end
• B.Prestin dimer on the lower end and actin filaments on the upper end
• C.A protocadherin 15 (PCDH15) dimer on the lower end and a cadherin 23 (CDH23) dimer on the upper end
• D.A protocadherin 25 monomer on the lower end and a cadherin 23 dimer on the upper end

38.The rods and the cones synapse directly on to:

• A.Bipolar cells
• B.Amacrine cells
• C.Ganglion cells
• D.Horizontal cells

39.The first structure which the majority of retinal ganglion cells project to, and synapse with, in the brain is the:

• A.Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
• B.Superior colliculus
• C.Visual cortex
• D.Optic chiasm

40.The lens is bathed on one side by aqueous humor and supported on the other side by vitreous humor. It has no blood supply and:

• A.Is mostly water and lipids
• B.Is metabolically active
• C.Is mostly proteins and lipids
• D.Because of this is metabolically inactive

41.Aqueous and vitreous humours are divided by:

• A.Retina
• B.Optic nerve
• C.Lens
• D.Iris

42.Which of the following shows the highest activity in the Cornea?

• A.Glutathione reductase
• B.Glycolysis
• C.Glycogenesis
• D.Hexose monophosphate pathway (pentose phosphate pathway)

43.A person goes to an ophthalmologist. He has a problem reading books because he is not able to contract his:

• A.Pupil
• B.Iris
• C.Ciliary muscles
• D.Suspensory ligaments

44.What is the cause of the high resting potential of rod cell membrane, which is approximately −40 mV?

• A.Activity of Na⁺ channels of the photoreceptor cells
• B.Activity of Na⁺/K⁺ channels of the photoreceptor cells
• C.Activity of Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase of the photoreceptor cells
• D.Activity of Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger of the photoreceptor cells

45.Which ligand is responsible for keeping Na⁺ channels open in the photoreceptor cells?

• A.cGMP from extracellular space
• B.cAMP from extracellular space
• C.cAMP from intracellular space
• D.cGMP from intracellular space

46.Which enzyme is activated by Tα (transducin alpha)?

• A.Protein kinase A
• B.cGMP-dependent phosphodiesterase (PDE6)
• C.Protein kinase G
• D.cAMP-dependent phosphodiesterase

47.The inner most layer of human eye is:

• A.Retina
• B.Sclera
• C.Cornea
• D.Choroid

53.Where is the primary gustatory area located?

• A.Insula
• B.Ventral posterior medial thalamus
• C.Amygdala
• D.Striatum

54.Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT transmit taste information to the brain?

• A.Glossopharyngeal (9th cranial nerve)
• B.Trochlear (4th cranial nerve)
• C.Facial (7th cranial nerve)
• D.Vagus (10th cranial nerve)

55.T1R2/T1R3 heteromers are sensitive to:

• A.Umami stimuli
• B.Sweet, bitter and umami tasting stimuli
• C.Sweet-tasting stimuli
• D.Bitter-tasting stimuli

56.α-Gustducin has been implicated in the transduction of:

• A.Salty-tasting stimuli
• B.None of the answers are true
• C.Sour taste
• D.Sweet, bitter and umami stimuli

57.Major contributor to short-term odor adaptation is:

• A.Ca²⁺-mediated desensitization of Cl⁻ channel
• B.Ca²⁺/calmodulin-mediated Ca²⁺-dependent desensitization of the CNG channel
• C.Ca²⁺/calmodulin-mediated phosphorylation of Cl⁻ channel
• D.Protein kinase C mediated OR desensitization

58.The olfactory CNG channel is selective for:

• A.cAMP
• B.Both cAMP and cGMP
• C.Anions
• D.Cations

59.Which of the following properties could confer a high signal-to-noise ratio on the odor sensitive system?

• A.Large amounts of cAMP before odor exposure
• B.Inhibition of ACIII by Ca²⁺
• C.Extremely low basal activity of ACIII, while in its stimulated state it has a catalytic rate higher than other known cyclases

60.What is the main destination of the lateral olfactory tract?

• A.Orbitofrontal cortex
• B.Olfactory bulb
• C.Hypothalamus
• D.Medial aspects of the temporal lobe (piriform cortex)

61.Which of the following is true regarding detection of odorants?

• A.Needs activation of tens to hundreds of ENaC channels
• B.Needs activation of hundreds of Cl⁻ channels
• C.The odor-dependent second-messenger cascade is a classic cyclic nucleotide-based system with some interesting modifications
• D.Needs a very high extracellular Cl⁻ concentration

62.Bowman's glands are found in:

• A.External auditory canal
• B.Olfactory epithelium
• C.Juxtamedullary region
• D.Cortical nephron

96.ORs (Olfactory Receptors) are members of:

• A.G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily
• B.Membrane guanylyl cyclases
• C.Tyrosine phosphatases
• D.Ligand-gated ion channels

63.Which of the following plays a key role in mediating the early-phase expression of LTP?

• A.Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)
• B.MAP kinase
• C.Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV
• D.Protein kinase C

64.Which of the following characterizes best the role of the NMDA receptor?

• A.Detects the co-activity of the presynaptic neuron
• B.Activated receptor opens the channel pore and allows Na⁺ to rush in and K⁺ to rush out
• C.Acts like a volume controller, regulating the efficacy of synaptic transmission
• D.Is responsible for basal synaptic transmission

65.Which of the following is referred to as non-declarative memory?

• A.Implicit memory
• B.Explicit memory
• C.Semantic memory
• D.Episodic memory

6.In humans, making more serotonin available to brain cells typically:

• A.Produces an effect on mood
• B.Increases the stimulatory effects of caffeine
• C.Counteracts the effects of alcohol

70.Adenylyl Cyclase 1 (AC1) is activated by Gαs and is thereby coupled to a variety of endocrine and neurotransmitter receptors, such as:

• A.The α1-adrenergic receptor
• B.The D2 dopamine receptor
• C.The D1 dopamine receptor and the β-adrenergic receptor
• D.The D4 dopamine receptor

74.Which neurotransmitter is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS?

• A.Acetylcholine
• B.Glutamate
• C.Glycine
• D.GABA

76.Which of the following are NOT opioid receptors?

• A.μ-opioid receptors (MOP-R)
• B.κ-opioid receptors (KOP-R)
• C.γ-opioid receptors (GOP-R)
• D.δ-opioid receptors (DOP-R)

78.Benzodiazepines bind at the interface of the _____ on the GABAA receptor:

• A.β and γ subunits
• B.α and γ subunits
• C.α and β subunits
• D.δ and γ subunits

81.Which of the following is true regarding Benzodiazepines?

• A.Benzodiazepines show no affinity for GABAA receptors containing α4 and α6 subunits with an arginine instead of a histidine residue
• B....with histidine instead of an arginine residue
• C....containing β4 and β6 subunits with an arginine instead of a histidine residue
• D....containing β4 and β6 subunits with histidine instead of an arginine residue

86.Which of the following is NOT a glutamate ligand-gated ion channel?

• A.Kainate receptors
• B.mGluRs
• C.AMPA receptors
• D.N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors

88.Which of the following proteins is the most prominent in the cerebral cortex?

• A.Adenylyl Cyclase 8
• B.Adenylyl Cyclase 4
• C.Adenylyl Cyclase 3
• D.Adenylyl Cyclase 1

89.GABAA receptor is an example of:

• A.Voltage-gated ion channels
• B.G-protein coupled receptors
• C.Ligand-gated ion channels
• D.Receptor tyrosine kinases

90.The group 1 Adenylyl Cyclases are activated by Ca²⁺/calmodulin; half-maximal activation is achieved at a Ca²⁺ concentration of approximately:

• A.150 μM
• B.150 M
• C.150 mM
• D.150 nM

93.Opioid includes:

• A.Opiates, as well as endogenous (naturally occurring) opioid peptides
• B.Endogenous opioid peptides only
• C.Endorphins and dynorphins only
• D.Morphine and heroin only

103.Norepinephrine raises the cAMP level by:

• A.Activating α1-adrenergic receptors
• B.Activating β-adrenergic receptors
• C.Activating α2-adrenergic receptors
• D.Inhibiting β-adrenergic receptors

115.Opiates suppress the activity of neurons via:

• A.Gi-coupled receptors that inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity
• B.Gs-coupled receptors that activate adenylyl cyclase
• C.Gs-coupled receptors that activate Ca channel
• D.Gq-coupled receptors that activate phospholipase Cβ

69.Antidepressant treatment decreases:

• A.The number of α2 and β1-adrenergic receptors
• B.The number of α1 and β1-adrenergic receptors
• C.The number of α1 and β2-adrenergic receptors
• D.The number of α2 and β2-adrenergic receptors

79.In measures of dopaminergic activity, _____ have been observed in psychotically depressed patients compared with nonpsychotic depressed patients:

• A.Lower serum tyrosine hydroxylase activity and higher plasma dopamine and HVA concentrations
• B.Lower serum dopamine β-hydroxylase activity and higher plasma dopamine and HVA concentrations
• C.Lower cortical dopamine β-hydroxylase activity and higher plasma dopamine and HVA concentrations
• D.Lower serum dopamine β-hydroxylase activity and higher plasma tyrosine hydroxylase

80.In receptor studies, downregulation and hyposensitivity of _____ receptors have been reported:

• A.D1 and possibly α1-adrenergic
• B.D1 and possibly α2-adrenergic
• C.β-adrenergic, and possibly α2-adrenergic
• D.β-adrenergic, and possibly α1-adrenergic

83a.Multiple methods of measuring HPA axis activity have provided evidence of altered function in patients with major depression, including:

• A.Adrenal gland enlargement
• B.Pituitary gland enlargement
• C.Higher urinary free cortisol concentrations
• D.All of the answers are true

83b.Multiple methods of measuring HPA axis activity have provided evidence of altered function in patients with major depression, including:

• A.Elevated CRF concentrations in CSF
• B.Blunted ACTH and β-endorphin responses after IV CRF administration
• C.Lower CRF binding in prefrontal cortex in depressed suicides
• D.All of the answers are true

83c.Multiple methods of measuring HPA axis activity have provided evidence of altered function in patients with major depression, including:

• A.Higher ACTH and cortisol responses to CRF after dexamethasone pretreatment
• B.Higher ACTH-induced cortisol secretion
• C.Elevated 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced cortisol secretion
• D.All of the answers are true

84.α-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT) has negligible effects on mood in healthy subjects, but produces a return of depressive symptoms in recovered depression patients treated with:

• A.Adrenaline reuptake inhibitors
• B.Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors
• C.Adrenaline uptake inhibitors
• D.Noradrenaline uptake inhibitors

110.Lower glucose uptake in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in depression could reflect:

• A.More dopaminergic activity in the cortex
• B.Less glutaminergic activity in the cortex
• C.More glutaminergic activity in the cortex
• D.Less adrenergic activity in the cortex

112.Support for overactivity of the cholinergic system in the pathogenesis of depression is based on findings such as:

• A.Following abrupt withdrawal of anticholinergic medications, cholinergic rebound can cause relapse of depression
• B.All of the answers are true
• C.Mania is reduced and depression induced by lecithin, an acetylcholine precursor
• D.Cholinergic input reduces REM latency (decreased REM latency is seen in major depression) and the anticholinergic properties of some antidepressants

113.Antidepressant treatment has been shown to upregulate the cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) cascade and expression of:

• A.Neurotrophin-4
• B.Nerve growth factor
• C.Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
• D.Neurotrophin-3

114.Which one of the following statements is NOT true?

• A.Psychomotor stimulants interact with DAT to elevate extracellular dopamine levels
• B.All reinforcing drugs increase dopamine transmission in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, but they use different mechanisms
• C.Opiates are believed to decrease GABA transmission in the VTA, thereby inhibiting dopamine neurons
• D.Opiates, ethanol and cannabinoids are believed to decrease GABA transmission in the VTA, thereby disinhibiting dopamine neurons

72.Which one of the following statements is NOT true regarding leptin?

• A.The leptin receptor is expressed primarily in brain regions regulating feeding behavior
• B.Leptin is a small protein (167 amino acids) produced in adipocytes
• C.Leptin receptor interaction in the hypothalamus alters neuronal signals affecting appetite
• D.Leptin stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system, increasing blood pressure, heart rate, and thermogenesis

73.Which of the following is a major neurotrophic factor in the brain involved in survival and guidance of neurons during development, and also required for the survival and function of neurons in the adult brain?

• A.ANF
• B.BDNF
• C.GDNF
• D.TNF

75.Proinsulin is converted to insulin by proteolytic cleavage, which removes:

• A.The A-peptide
• B.The C-peptide
• C.The C-peptide and a few additional amino acid residues
• D.The A-peptide and a few additional amino acid residues

77.In the brain, _____ receptors are found in regions involved in the regulation of food intake and body weight, especially in the hypothalamic ARC nucleus:

• A.Oxytocin
• B.PYY
• C.Insulin
• D.Ghrelin

82.Which of the following is true regarding insulin secretion?

• A.As the β-cell [ATP]/[ADP] ratio increases, the activity of a membrane-bound, ATP-dependent K⁺ channel is inhibited
• B.Glucose is phosphorylated through the action of hexokinase to form glucose-6-phosphate
• C.Glucose enters the β-cell via GLUT 4
• D.The decrease in intracellular Ca²⁺ stimulates insulin exocytosis

85.Fill in the sentence: _____ signals nutritional status to key regulatory centers in the hypothalamus:

• A.Ghrelin
• B.Dopamine
• C.Leptin
• D.Serotonin

87.The leptin receptor is expressed primarily in regions of the brain known to regulate:

• A.Feeding behavior
• B.Consciousness
• C.Circadian rhythm
• D.Mood and anxiety

91.Leptin is a peptide hormone secreted from:

• A.Adipocytes in proportion to fat mass
• B.Hepatocytes in proportion to fat mass
• C.Adipocytes in proportion to carbohydrate mass
• D.Hepatocytes in proportion to carbohydrate mass

92.Which one of the following statements is NOT true regarding melatonin synthesis?

• A.The internal signal is provided by a neurotransmitter
• B.The increased activity of N-acetyltransferase causes the conversion of serotonin to N-acetylserotonin
• C.The adrenergic neuron innervating the pinealocyte is inhibited by light transmitted through the eyes
• D.Norepinephrine released as a neurotransmitter in the dark stimulates cAMP formation through a β receptor

95.Which of the following is a precursor of melatonin?

• A.Cerebrospinal imidazole acetaldehyde
• B.Glycine
• C.Dopamine
• D.Methylimidazole acetic acid
• E.Serotonin

111.Which of the following is NOT a role of thermogenin (UCP1)?

• A.Thermogenin permits continual oxidation of fuel without ATP synthesis
• B.Thermogenin allows protons to re-enter the mitochondrial matrix without passing through ATP synthase
• C.Thermogenin forms a channel in the outer mitochondrial membrane
• D.Thermogenin forms a channel in the inner mitochondrial membrane

94.BACE 1 is a membrane-bound aspartyl proteinase. This proteinase is known as:

• A.Presenilin 1
• B.β-secretase
• C.α-secretase
• D.γ-secretase

97.Alternate splicing of the APP transcript generates 8 isoforms. Which isoform is expressed predominantly in the CNS?

• A.The 751 amino acid form
• B.None of the answers are true
• C.The 605 amino acid form
• D.The 695 amino acid form

98.Genetic risk factors for AD do NOT include mutations in:

• A.APP (chromosome 21)
• B.Presenilin 1 (PS1) (chromosome 14)
• C.β-secretase (chromosome 1)
• D.Different susceptibility alleles of ApoE (chromosome 19)

99.Which of the following is NOT true regarding Aβ peptide?

• A.Aβ peptide plays a role in synaptic physiology
• B.The Aβ peptide starts within the ectodomain and continues into the transmembrane region
• C.Aβ peptide and tau build various fibril structures
• D.The Aβ peptide enters the protein complex to initiate the cleavage of PS1 or PS2 to form an N-terminal 40–42 amino acid fragment which is critical to the γ-secretase activity

24.Match the EEG waves with their correct frequencies:

• A.Delta: < 4 Hz, Theta: 4–8 Hz, Alpha: 8–12 Hz, Beta: 13–30 Hz, Gamma: > 30 Hz

27.Name the 5th lobe of the brain:

• A.Insular cortex (Insula)

66.Mechanoreceptors use:

• A.Ion channels for transduction of sensory information

67.What is the role of Ca²⁺ in photoreceptor cells?

• A.Regulates guanylyl cyclase activity

68.Which of the following statements about rhodopsin is true?

• A.Absorption of a photon of light causes 11-cis retinal to isomerize to all-trans retinal

100.Desensitization occurs when:

• A.Receptors are uncoupled from G proteins as a result of phosphorylation by G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) and arrestin binding

101.Most of the norepinephrine in the brain is released from neurons of the:

• A.Locus coeruleus

102.α1-adrenergic receptor activates:

• A.The IP3 second messenger system (phospholipase C → IP3 + DAG)

106.Patients with major depression have been reported to have lower CSF levels of the dopamine metabolite:

• A.Homovanillic acid (HVA)

107.Which one of the following statements is NOT true regarding JAK2-STAT3 pathway?

• A.JAK2-STAT3 pathway inhibits suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), which acts as a feedback inhibitor of the JAK2-STAT3 pathway

108.Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neuron coexpressing cocaine-amphetamine-related transcript (CART) is a target of:

• A.Leptin

109.Insulin in beta cells of the pancreas is synthesized as:

• A.Preprohormone (preproinsulin)

116.Which of the following is a glutamate receptor subtype?

• A.NMDA, AMPA, and kainate (all three are ionotropic glutamate receptors)

117.Diabetic cataracts result from loss of control of osmolarity of the lens due to:

• A.Increased activity of aldose reductase and polyol (sorbitol) dehydrogenase

118.Which of the following is the most prominently expressed in skeletal muscle and heart but is also expressed in brain and lung?

• A.Adenylyl Cyclase 4