Body Structure

1.What is the connective tissue sac surrounding the heart?

• A.Endocardium
• B.Myocardium
• C.Pericardium
• D.Epicardium

2.What is the pacemaker of the heart?

• A.Bundle of His
• B.Right bundle branch
• C.Sinoatrial (SA) node
• D.Atrioventricular (AV) node

3.What is the atrioventricular bundle?

• A.Bundle of His
• B.Sinoatrial node
• C.Atrioventricular node
• D.Right bundle branch

4.By what means does an electrical signal travel from the atria to the ventricles?

• A.Purkinje fibres
• B.Atrioventricular bundle
• C.Gap junctions
• D.Intercalated discs

5.Which cell junction, located at intercalated disks, is responsible for electrical communication between cardiac muscle cells?

• A.Desmosome
• B.Gap junction
• C.Zonula adherens
• D.Macula adherens

6.The junctions that are the basis for electrical conduction from one cardiac muscle cell to another are?

• A.Desmosomes
• B.Occluding junctions
• C.Gap junctions
• D.Adhering junctions

7.The SA node, AV node, and Purkinje fibers of the myocardium all consist of specialized?

• A.Fibroblasts
• B.Nerve cells
• C.Smooth muscle cells
• D.Cardiac muscle cells

8.What type of cell is located in the bundle of His?

• A.Nodal tissue
• B.Atrial myocardium
• C.Purkinje cells
• D.Ventricular septum

9.Where is the myocardium the thickest?

• A.Right atria
• B.Left atria
• C.Right ventricle
• D.Left ventricle

10.Which structure has the thickest wall?

• A.The right ventricle
• B.The aorta
• C.The inter-atrial septum
• D.The left ventricle

11.Which layer of the heart is composed of cardiac muscle?

• A.Epicardium
• B.Pericardium
• C.Myocardium
• D.Endocardium

12.Where is endothelium located (in the heart)?

• A.Myocardium
• B.Pericardium
• C.Endocardium
• D.Epicardium

13.Heart valves normally consist of an endothelial surface covering?

• A.Hyaline cartilage
• B.Loose areolar connective tissue
• C.Fibrocollagenous and fibroelastic connective tissue
• D.Adipose connective tissue
• E.Cardiac muscle fibers

14.What is the name of the valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle?

• A.Semi-lunar valve
• B.Mitral valve
• C.Aortic valve
• D.Tricuspid valve

15.Which of the following is also known as the mitral valve?

• A.Aortic
• B.Tricuspid
• C.Pulmonic
• D.Bicuspid

16.What is the main function of the mitral/bicuspid valve?

• A.To prevent a drop in pressure in the aorta during diastole
• B.To add additional blood from left atrium to left ventricle during atrial systole
• C.To increase the pressure inside the left atrium during systole
• D.To prevent backflow from left ventricle to left atrium during systole

17.Which structure in the heart does NOT propagate action potentials?

• A.The sinus node
• B.The atrial septum
• C.The annulus fibrosus
• D.The AV-node

18.Which of the following is NOT a role of the pericardium?

• A.It anchors the heart to surrounding structures
• B.It facilitates heart contraction
• C.It protects the heart
• D.It prevents the heart from overfilling with blood

19.The heart can be made to beat faster by which of the following?

• A.Parasympathetic stimulation of the AV node
• B.Sympathetic stimulation of the SA node
• C.Sympathetic stimulation of the AV node
• D.Parasympathetic stimulation of the SA node

20.What supplies blood to the myocardium?

• A.The coronary circulation
• B.The vasa recta
• C.The pulmonary circulation
• D.The vena cava

21.What are vasa vasorum?

• A.Nerves
• B.Valves
• C.Blood vessels
• D.Vasoactive material

22.The muscular layer of blood vessels is called?

• A.Mesothelium
• B.Tunica externa
• C.Tunica media
• D.Tunica interna

23.Which layer in an artery contains the endothelium?

• A.All of the above
• B.Tunica externa
• C.Tunica intima
• D.Tunica media

24.The most abundant tissue element forming the media of small, muscular arteries is:

• A.Cardiac muscle
• B.Elastic fibers
• C.Smooth muscle
• D.Collagen fibers

25.What is the aorta called?

• A.Arteriole
• B.Venule
• C.Elastic artery
• D.Capillary

26.Undifferentiated cells around the perimeter of capillaries are called?

• A.Endothelial cells
• B.Basal lamina
• C.Fenestrations
• D.Pericytes

27.Which structure contains pores?

• A.Continuous capillaries
• B.AV anastomoses
• C.Sinusoidal capillaries
• D.Fenestrated capillaries

28.Which of the following is a distinct structure found specifically in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow?

• A.AV anastomoses
• B.Sinusoidal capillaries
• C.Continuous capillaries
• D.Fenestrated capillaries

29.Which of the following is NOT one of the great vessels of the heart?

• A.Pulmonary arteries
• B.Pulmonary veins
• C.Superior vena cava
• D.Coronary arteries

30.Blood flow through the heart follows which of the sequences listed below?

• A.From vena cava, then right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, left ventricle, aorta
• B.From left atrium, then mitral valve, right ventricle, aorta, left ventricle
• C.From right atrium, then mitral valve, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, left ventricle
• D.From pulmonary trunk, then tricuspid valve, left atrium, aortic valve, aorta

31.Which of the following heart structures are listed in the correct sequence of blood flow through them?

• A.Pulmonary valve, left atrium, tricuspid valve, left ventricle
• B.Right ventricle, left atrium, aortic valve, left ventricle
• C.Tricuspid valve, right ventricle, left atrium, mitral valve
• D.Right atrium, bicuspid valve, pulmonary valve, left ventricle

32.Starting at the APEX of the heart and moving superiorly, what is the correct order in which you would encounter the four anatomical structures below?

• A.Ventricle, papillary muscle, chordae tendineae, valves
• B.Papillary muscle, chordae tendineae, ventricle, valves
• C.Chordae tendineae, valves, ventricle, papillary muscle
• D.Valves, chordae tendineae, papillary muscle, ventricle

33.Which is correct? In its passage through the heart, blood is pumped into the pulmonary trunk:

• A.After passing through the left AV valve
• B.After leaving the left ventricle
• C.After leaving the left atrium
• D.After passing through the right AV valve

34.Where does the pulmonary trunk deliver its blood to?

• A.The right ventricle
• B.The left ventricle
• C.The lungs
• D.The left atrium

35.The right ventricle is the chamber of the heart that pumps blood for the pulmonary circulation. Blood from the right ventricle is on its way to the ____.

• A.Pancreas
• B.Stomach
• C.Lungs
• D.Liver

36.The "systemic circulation" refers to which of the following?

• A.The movement of blood from the pulmonary trunk, through capillaries into the pulmonary veins
• B.The movement of blood from the aorta, through capillaries, then eventually into the vena cavae
• C.The flow of blood into the right atrium and eventually out of the left ventricle
• D.The movement of blood into the coronary arteries, through capillaries into the coronary sinus

37.Complete the sentence correctly. The left ventricle pumps:

• A.Less blood than the right ventricle
• B.Blood at a higher pressure than the right ventricle
• C.More blood than the right ventricle
• D.Blood at a lower pressure than the right ventricle

38.Superior vena cava drains blood from:

• A.Upper part of the body
• B.Lower part of the body
• C.Abdominal organs
• D.Coronary veins

39.Superior vena cava empties blood into which part of the heart?

• A.Inferior part of right atrium
• B.Superior part of left atrium
• C.Superior part of right atrium
• D.Inferior part of left atrium

40.Which cavities are lined by the mesothelium?

• A.The peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities
• B.The urinary tract
• C.The respiratory tract
• D.The nasal cavity

41.Branches of the aortic arch:

• A.Brachiocephalic trunk and left common carotid artery
• B.Brachiocephalic trunk and right subclavian artery
• C.Left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery
• D.Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery

42.Left subclavian artery is a branch of:

• A.Celiac trunk
• B.Aortic arch
• C.Brachiocephalic trunk
• D.Ascending aorta

43.Subclavian artery gives all the branches except:

• A.Internal thoracic artery
• B.Thyrocervical trunk
• C.Vertebral artery
• D.Basilar artery

44.Subclavian artery continues into:

• A.Axillary artery
• B.Brachial artery
• C.Vertebral artery
• D.Common carotid artery

45.Brachial artery branches into the:

• A.Radial and ulnar arteries
• B.Cephalic and basilic arteries
• C.Radial and axillary arteries
• D.Axillary and ulnar arteries

46.The vertebral artery originates from:

• A.The carotid artery
• B.The brachial artery
• C.The subclavian artery
• D.The iliac artery

47.Vertebral arteries join to form:

• A.Internal thoracic artery
• B.Thyrocervical trunk
• C.Common carotid artery
• D.Basilar artery

48.Middle cerebral artery is a continuation of:

• A.Vertebral artery
• B.Anterior cerebral artery
• C.Internal carotid artery
• D.External carotid artery

49.The ophthalmic artery is a branch of:

• A.The internal carotid artery
• B.The external carotid artery
• C.The facial artery
• D.The lingual artery

50.Which of the following is a branch of the internal carotid artery?

• A.Posterior auricular artery
• B.Superficial temporal artery
• C.Supratrochlear artery
• D.Facial artery

51.The lingual artery is a branch of:

• A.The internal carotid artery
• B.The external carotid artery
• C.The left coronary artery
• D.The right coronary artery

52.Which of the following is NOT a branch of the facial artery?

• A.Superior labial artery
• B.Angular artery
• C.Lateral nasal artery
• D.Retromandibular artery

53.Which of the following arteries is NOT a branch of the ophthalmic artery?

• A.Supraorbital
• B.Supratrochlear
• C.Infraorbital
• D.Anterior ethmoidal

54.Which of the following branches of the third (pterygopalatine) part of the maxillary artery is correctly paired with its distribution?

• A.Posterior superior alveolar . . . inferior eyelid, lacrimal sac, side of nose, superior lip
• B.Pharyngeal . . . maxillary gingiva, palatine glands, mucous membrane of roof of mouth
• C.Artery of pterygoid canal . . . superior part of pharynx, auditory tube, tympanic cavity
• D.Infraorbital . . . maxillary molar and premolar teeth, lining of maxillary sinus, gingival

55.Single midline branches of abdominal aorta are all, except:

• A.Celiac trunk
• B.Inferior mesenteric artery
• C.Renal arteries
• D.Superior mesenteric artery

56.Gonadal arteries arise from:

• A.Internal iliac artery
• B.Renal artery
• C.Abdominal aorta
• D.Common iliac artery

57.External iliac artery provides blood supply mostly to the:

• A.Abdominal organs
• B.Upper limb
• C.Lower limb
• D.Pelvic organs

58.Femoral artery is a continuation of:

• A.External iliac artery
• B.Abdominal aorta
• C.Inferior mesenteric artery
• D.Internal iliac artery

59.Which branches of the femoral artery supply the head of the femur?

• A.Tibial branch
• B.Fibular branch
• C.Profunda femoral artery
• D.Circumflex arteries

60.Cephalic vein terminates by draining into:

• A.Subclavian vein
• B.Basilic vein
• C.Axillary vein
• D.Superior vena cava

61.All of the veins are involved in formation of the median cubital vein, except:

• A.Cephalic
• B.Basilic
• C.Median antebrachial
• D.Ulnar

62.Superior mesenteric vein joins with splenic vein to form:

• A.Common iliac vein
• B.Superior vena cava
• C.Hepatic portal vein
• D.Inferior vena cava

63.Saphenous vein drains into the:

• A.Inferior vena cava
• B.External iliac vein
• C.Popliteal vein
• D.Femoral vein

64.Superficial veins of the brain:

• A.The small and large veins
• B.The anterior and posterior veins
• C.The dorsal and ventral veins
• D.The superior, inferior, and middle veins

65.The cavernous sinus receives blood from all of the following EXCEPT:

• A.Superior ophthalmic veins
• B.Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
• C.Inferior ophthalmic veins
• D.Superficial middle cerebral vein

66.All of the following transmit an arterial branch to the meninges EXCEPT:

• A.Foramen ovale
• B.Foramen rotundum
• C.Mastoid foramen
• D.Jugular foramen

67.Which of the following foramina does NOT transmit emissary veins?

• A.Mastoid foramen
• B.Anterior ethmoidal foramina
• C.Foramen cecum
• D.Parietal foramen

68.Medical term for nosebleed is:

• A.Epistaxis
• B.Hemorrhage
• C.Hematoma
• D.Sinusitis

69.By which cranial nerves is the gag reflex conducted?

• A.V and VII nerves
• B.X and XI nerves
• C.IX and X nerves
• D.IX and XI nerves

70.The superior portion of each lung is the ____.

• A.Pleura
• B.Mediastinum
• C.Apex
• D.Base

71.The serous membrane that surrounds each lung is created by a parietal and visceral ____.

• A.Pleura
• B.Pericardium
• C.Mediastinum
• D.Peritoneum

72.The serous membrane covering the surface of the lungs is called the ____.

• A.Pleurisy
• B.Mediastinum
• C.Parietal pleura
• D.Visceral pleura

73.The lining of the pleural cavity is called?

• A.Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
• B.Endothelium
• C.Mesothelium
• D.Type I pneumocytes cells

74.The correct pathway air flows through the respiratory system is ____.

• A.Nose, larynx, trachea, pharynx, main (primary) bronchi
• B.Nose, larynx, pharynx, trachea, main (primary) bronchi
• C.Nose, pharynx, trachea, larynx, main (primary) bronchi
• D.Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, main (primary) bronchi

75.From superior to inferior, the three regions of the pharynx are the ____.

• A.Nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx
• B.Oropharynx, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx
• C.Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
• D.Laryngopharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx

76.C-shaped rings that form the framework of the trachea and help keep it open are composed of?

• A.Skeletal muscle
• B.Fibro-elastic tissue
• C.Trachealis muscle
• D.Hyaline cartilage

77.In which of the following are goblet cells most frequent?

• A.Bronchus
• B.Bronchiole
• C.Alveolus
• D.Trachea

78.The division of the trachea produces two tubes called the right and left main (primary) ____.

• A.Alveolar ducts
• B.Alveolar sacs
• C.Bronchi
• D.Bronchioles

79.The smallest conducting passageways of the lungs are known as ____.

• A.Bronchioles
• B.Main (primary) bronchi
• C.Alveoli
• D.Alveolar ducts

80.Which one of the following structures is NOT part of the respiratory zone?

• A.Alveolar sacs
• B.Primary bronchi
• C.Respiratory bronchioles
• D.Alveolar ducts

81.What is the smallest airspace of the respiratory tree?

• A.Alveolar sac
• B.Alveoli
• C.Alveolar duct
• D.Respiratory bronchiole

82.Alveolar type I cells are called?

• A.Cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant
• B.Squamous cells involved in gas exchange
• C.Columnar cells that secrete mucous
• D.Ciliated cells that move mucous

83.Alveolar type II cells are called?

• A.Cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant
• B.Ciliated cells that move mucous
• C.Squamous cells involved in gas exchange
• D.Columnar cells that secrete mucous

84.Alveolar dust cells (macrophages) are called?

• A.Cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant
• B.Squamous cells involved in gas exchange
• C.Amoeboid cells that clean the alveolar surface
• D.Ciliated cells that move mucous

85.The pulmonary (functional) and bronchial (nutritive) arterial systems enter the lungs separately at the hilus but anastomose into a single system at which level?

• A.Respiratory bronchioles

86.Which cell type is involved in general sensation of the olfactory mucosa?

• A.Basal cells
• B.Brush cells
• C.Sustentacular cells
• D.Olfactory cells

87.Which epithelial cell surface specialization is used to move mucous and particles along the surface?

• A.Cilia
• B.Stereocilia
• C.Desmosomes
• D.Microvilli

88.53-year-old man has difficulty breathing through his nose. Swelling of the mucous membranes of the superior nasal meatus. Which paranasal sinus opening is most likely plugged?

• A.Posterior ethmoidal sinus
• B.Middle ethmoidal sinus
• C.Maxillary sinus
• D.Frontal sinus

89.An 11-year-old boy with swollen palatine tonsils is examined by an otolaryngologist. Which artery supplies most of the blood to these tonsils?

• A.Facial artery (via its tonsillar branch)

90.Which is (normally) the most common white blood cell in circulating blood?

• A.Eosinophil
• B.Neutrophil
• C.Monocyte
• D.Lymphocyte

91.Which is (normally) the SECOND most common white blood cell in circulating blood?

• A.Neutrophil
• B.Eosinophil
• C.Monocyte
• D.Lymphocyte

92.Which is the smallest white blood cell found in peripheral blood?

• A.Monocyte
• B.Lymphocyte
• C.Neutrophil
• D.Eosinophil

93.Which component of blood consists of a small bit of cytoplasm without a nucleus?

• A.Lymphocyte
• B.Basophil
• C.Platelet
• D.Neutrophil

94.Reticulocytes are called?

• A.Part of the reticulo-endothelial system
• B.Macrophages
• C.Immature RBCs
• D.Dendritic cells

95.Which of the following white blood cells contains specific granules that have little affinity for dyes, are similar to lysosomes, and are used to digest bacteria?

• A.Lymphocyte
• B.Neutrophil
• C.Basophil
• D.Platelet

96.Which of the following white blood cells is associated with allergies and parasite infections, with specific granules that have an affinity for eosin and other acidic dyes?

• A.Lymphocyte
• B.Eosinophil
• C.Neutrophil
• D.Platelet

97.Which leukocytes release heparin and histamine into the blood?

• A.Neutrophils
• B.Lymphocytes
• C.Monocytes
• D.Basophils

98.Which of the following white blood cells is most similar to a circulating mast cell (and is the least common circulating leukocyte)?

• A.Neutrophil
• B.Basophil
• C.Eosinophil
• D.Platelet

99.The term "polymorphonuclear leukocytes" includes:

• A.Lymphocytes and monocytes
• B.Neutrophils and eosinophils
• C.Basophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes
• D.T-cells, B-cells, and neutrophils

100.A macrophage can originate from which cells?

• A.Monocytes
• B.Neutrophils
• C.Eosinophils
• D.Lymphocytes

101.Which of the following cell types immigrates first (most quickly) from blood into connective tissue during the early stages of an inflammatory response?

• A.Lymphocyte
• B.Eosinophil
• C.Neutrophil
• D.Monocyte

102.Which of the following blood cell types will normally re-enter the bloodstream after leaving circulation and immigrating into peripheral tissues?

• A.Monocyte
• B.Neutrophil
• C.Lymphocyte
• D.Eosinophil

103.Process of formation of blood corpuscles is called?

• A.Haemozoin
• B.Haemolytic
• C.Haemolysis
• D.Haemopoiesis

104.The largest hemopoietic cell in bone marrow is called?

• A.Megakaryocyte
• B.Erythroblast
• C.Myelocyte
• D.Metamyelocyte

105.Human blood types in the ABO blood group are identified by?

• A.Series of enzyme-controlled reactions
• B.Microscopic examination of white blood cells
• C.Clotting factors in plasma
• D.Antigen-antibody reactions

106.A 35-year-old woman's physician orders laboratory blood tests. Her blood is centrifuged with heparin as anticoagulant. The resulting fractions are?

• A.Leukocytes, erythrocytes, and serum proteins
• B.Serum, packed erythrocytes, and leukocytes
• C.Albumin, plasma lipoproteins, and erythrocytes
• D.Fibrinogen, platelets, buffy coat, and erythrocytes
• E.Plasma, buffy coat, and packed erythrocytes

107.The Agranulocyte cells responsible for immune response of the body are called?

• A.Lymphocytes
• B.Eosinophils
• C.Basophils
• D.Neutrophils

108.What are the spherical structures seen in the medulla of the thymus called?

• A.Hassall's corpuscles
• B.Corpora arenacea
• C.Psammoma bodies
• D.Prostatic concretions

109.Where do T lymphocytes gain their immunocompetence?

• A.Thyroid
• B.Bursa of Fabricius
• C.Bone marrow
• D.Thymus

110.Red pulp of the spleen is?

• A.Comprised of elastic connective tissue
• B.Comprised of splenic cords, venous sinuses, and reticular fibers
• C.Comprised of lymphatic nodules
• D.Comprised of B-cells

111.Red and white pulp describes tissue of the?

• A.Thymus
• B.Spleen
• C.Lymph nodes
• D.Bone marrow

112.What is another name for a splenic nodule?

• A.Malpighian corpuscle
• B.Trabeculae
• C.White pulp
• D.Red pulp

113.What is the term for the entire lymphatic region of the spleen called?

• A.Malpighian corpuscle
• B.Trabeculae
• C.White pulp
• D.Red pulp

114.Recycling of iron and heme occurs most actively in which lymphoid organ(s)/tissue(s)?

• A.Spleen

115.Which of the following organ is composed of epithelial-reticular cells?

• A.Spleen
• B.Thymus
• C.Bone marrow
• D.Lymph node

116.Where are Peyer's patches located?

• A.Esophagus
• B.Stomach
• C.Rectum
• D.Small intestine

117.What is the synonym for the diffuse lymphatic tissue in the respiratory tract?

• A.DALT
• B.GALT
• C.BALT
• D.HALT

118.The immunity provided by B lymphocytes is called?

• A.Histological immunity
• B.Cell-mediated immunity
• C.Humoral immunity
• D.None of the above

119.Production of antibodies and lymphocytes in response to exposure to an antigen is called?

• A.Acquired immunity
• B.Helper T cell
• C.Adenoids
• D.Cytokines

120.Lymphocyte that aids B cells in recognizing antigens and stimulating antibody production (T4 cell or CD4+ cell) is called?

• A.Helper T cell
• B.B cell
• C.Cytokines
• D.Antigen

121.Proteins that aid and regulate the immune response are called?

• A.Cytokines
• B.Antigen
• C.Cytotoxic T cell
• D.Dendritic cell

122.Proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells to aid and regulate the immune response are called?

• A.Immunoglobulins
• B.Immunotherapy
• C.Interstitial fluid
• D.Interferons and interleukins

123.Thin, watery fluid found within lymphatic vessels is called?

• A.Lymph
• B.Lymph node
• C.Lymph capillaries
• D.Lymphoid organs

124.Fluid in the spaces between cells is called?

• A.Tolerance
• B.Thoracic duct
• C.Interstitial fluid
• D.Lymphedema

125.Gene products of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) present antigenic peptides primarily to which one of the following cells?

• A.Helper T cells
• B.Cytotoxic T cells
• C.Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
• D.B cells

126.A 32-year-old woman has a positive tuberculin skin test. Helper T cells assist in which one of the following ways?

• A.Autocrine-mediated inhibition of proliferation of helper T cells
• B.The down-regulation of IL-2 receptors on helper T cells
• C.Secretion of interleukins that promote T cell proliferation
• D.Secretion of IL-1

127.A 27-year-old school teacher "catches" the flu from her students. Which one of the following would occur during the influenza infection?

• A.Phagocytosis of virus by CD4+ T cells
• B.Formation of memory T and B cells
• C.Killing of virus-infected cells by CD4+ T cells
• D.Presentation of antigen by CD4+ T cells

128.A 3-year-old male patient presents with a clinically significant atrial septal defect (ASD). The ASD usually results from incomplete closure of which structure?

• A.Foramen ovale
• B.Ligamentum arteriosum
• C.Coronary sinus
• D.Ductus arteriosus
• E.Sinus venarum

129.During cardiac catheterization of a 6-year-old child, the radiologist notes that the contrast medium released into the arch of the aorta is visible immediately in the left pulmonary artery. What is the most likely explanation?

• A.Ventricular septal defect
• B.Patent ductus arteriosus
• C.Atrial septal defect
• D.Patent ductus venosus
• E.Mitral stenosis

130.55-year-old patient is to undergo a coronary bypass operation. The artery of primary concern supplies much of the left ventricle and both bundle branches of the cardiac conduction system. Which artery?

• A.Circumflex
• B.Posterior interventricular
• C.Right marginal
• D.Artery to the sinu-atrial (SA) node
• E.Anterior interventricular (LAD)

131.A 35-year-old female is admitted with dyspnea. Her S1 heart sound is very loud. Which valves are responsible for production of the S1 heart sound?

• A.Atrioventricular valves — bicuspid (mitral) and tricuspid

132.A 66-year-old man with type II diabetes presents with aching pain in his lower extremities, relieved by rest, worsened by activity. His legs are cold, pale, with weak tibial pulses. Which vascular structures are most likely involved?

• A.Arterioles

133.A 62-year-old African American man presents with exercise-induced angina and occlusion of the left anterior descending and origin of the right coronary artery. The disease process is initiated by which one of the following?

• A.Adventitial proliferation
• B.Proliferation of smooth muscle cells
• C.Intimal thickening through addition of collagen and elastin with abnormal elastin cross-linking
• D.Injury to the endothelium
• E.Formation of an intimal plaque

134.A 45-year-old woman is admitted with severe headache, hypertension, and arrhythmias. Massage is initiated at a pressure point deep to the sternocleidomastoid at the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage. Which structure is targeted?

• A.Carotid sinus

135.During light microscopic examination of a tissue, you note a vessel that has no smooth muscle but a large amount of connective tissue at its periphery. Which vessel are you examining?

• A.Venule

E1.Aorta → pulmonary artery connection in child:

• A.VSD
• B.PDA
• C.ASD
• D.Mitral stenosis

E2.Electrical communication in heart occurs via:

• A.Desmosomes
• B.Zonula adherens
• C.Gap junctions
• D.Macula adherens

E3.Red pulp of spleen contains:

• A.Lymph nodules
• B.B cells
• C.Elastic tissue
• D.Sinusoids, cords, reticular fibers

E4.Structure responsible for mucus movement:

• A.Microvilli
• B.Stereocilia
• C.Cilia
• D.Desmosomes

E5.Cell type forming cardiac conduction system:

• A.Fibroblasts
• B.Nerve cells
• C.Smooth muscle
• D.Cardiac muscle cells

E6.Artery supplying conduction system (high-yield clinical):

• A.Circumflex
• B.Right marginal
• C.SA nodal artery
• D.LAD (anterior interventricular)

E7.Blood centrifugation layers include:

• A.Serum only
• B.Proteins
• C.Plasma, buffy coat, RBCs
• D.Platelets only

E8.Pressure receptor in carotid system:

• A.Carotid body
• B.Carotid sinus
• C.Aortic arch
• D.Jugular vein

E9.Pulmonary + bronchial circulation meet at:

• A.Bronchi
• B.Terminal bronchioles
• C.Respiratory bronchioles
• D.Larynx

E10.Lung radiograph identifiable structure:

• A.Pulmonary artery
• B.Arch of aorta
• C.Bronchi
• D.Left atrium

E11.Which structure allows rapid electrical conduction between adjacent cardiac muscle cells?

• A.Desmosomes
• B.Tight junctions
• C.Gap junctions
• D.Adherens junctions

E12.Which type of capillary is most permeable and found in liver and spleen?

• A.Continuous capillaries
• B.Fenestrated capillaries
• C.Sinusoidal capillaries
• D.Lymphatic capillaries

E13.Which leukocyte is primarily responsible for phagocytosis during early acute inflammation?

• A.Monocyte
• B.Neutrophil
• C.Lymphocyte
• D.Basophil

E14.Which structure prevents backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle?

• A.Mitral valve
• B.Tricuspid valve
• C.Pulmonary valve
• D.Aortic valve

E15.Which epithelial lining is present in alveoli for efficient gas exchange?

• A.Stratified squamous
• B.Simple cuboidal
• C.Simple squamous
• D.Pseudostratified columnar

E16.Which immune cell type is responsible for antibody production?

• A.T lymphocytes
• B.Plasma cells
• C.Macrophages
• D.Neutrophils

E17.Which structure in the heart acts as an electrical insulator between atria and ventricles?

• A.Interatrial septum
• B.Annulus fibrosus
• C.Chordae tendineae
• D.Papillary muscles

E18.Which artery is most commonly involved in myocardial infarction?

• A.Circumflex artery
• B.Right coronary artery
• C.Posterior interventricular artery
• D.Left anterior descending (LAD) artery